Sociodemographic factors associated with mixed-feeding practices among a cohort of mothers with infants aged 4 - 14 weeks in Tlokwe subdistrict, North West Province, South Africa

Background. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of an infant's life is the recommended gold standard for infant feeding; however, mixed feeding (MF) is common in various settings. In South Africa (SA), especially in the Tlokwe subdistrict of North West Province, there is little information on the association between sociodemographic factors and infant MF practices.Objective. To identify the sociodemographic factors associated with MF practices in a cohort of mothers of infants aged 4 - 14 weeks in the Tlokwe subdistrict of North West.Methods. The study setting was 8 health facilities in the Tlokwe subdistrict. Participants comprised postpartum women with infants aged 4 - 14 weeks. Data analysis used SPSS version 25.0. Normal data are presented as means (standard deviation (SD)), skewed data as median values (25th, 75th percentiles) and categorical values as percentages and frequencies.Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysed the association between sociodemographic factors and MF practices at time point 2 (10 - 14 weeks).Results. The majority of the mothers were aged between 25 and 29 years, and 37% had at least 2 live children. MF increased with infant age. There was no significant association between any of the sociodemographic variables and MF practices. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between increased parity and MF. There was also a significant association between changes in infant-feeding practices after receiving the child support grant at 10 - 14 weeks. Conclusion. The high proportion of mothers who mixed-fed indicates that it is still the norm, as in other SA contexts. Therefore, strengthened breastfeeding education regarding appropriate infant-feeding choices in the promotion of infant development and survival for the short and long term should be emphasised. S Afr J Child Health 2022;16(4):192-197. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJCH.2022.v16.i4.1808Sociodemographic factors associated with mixed-feeding practices among a cohort of mothers with infants aged 4 - 14 weeks in Tlokwe subdistrict, North West Province, South Africa N M Semenekane,1 MSc (Nutrition); C B Witten,1,2 PhD (Nutrition); E Swanepoel,3 MSc (Dietetics);H S Kruger,1 PhD Nutrition 1 Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa2 Division of Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa3 School of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Child health, infant formula funding and South African health professionals: Eliminating conflict of interest.

Letters by Van Niekerk and Khan on article by Lake et al. (Lake L, Kroon M, Sanders D, et al. Child health, infant formula funding and South African health professionals: Eliminating conflict of interest. S Afr Med J 2019;109(12):902-906. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i12.14336); and response by Lake et al.

Child health, infant formula funding and South African health professionals: Eliminating conflict of interest.

Despite clear evidence of the benefits of exclusive and continued breastfeeding for children, women and society, far too few children in South Africa (SA) are breastfed. One of the major impediments to improving this situation is the continued and aggressive marketing of breastmilk substitutes (BMSs) and infiltration of the BMS industry into contexts with exposure to health professionals. In this article we, as academics, practitioners and child health advocates, describe contraventions of the regulations that protect breastfeeding in SA and argue that bold, proactive leadership to eliminate conflict of interest in respect of the BMS industry is urgently required, together with far greater investments in proven interventions to promote and support breastfeeding.

Community-Based Agricultural Interventions in the Context of Food and Nutrition Security in South Africa

Despite South Africa being a food-secure country in terms of aggregate food availability; it is listed by the World Health Organization as one of 36 high-burden countries; home to large numbers of stunted children. Recent findings; in the context of both over- and under-nutrition; have indicated that adult and child malnutrition rates have deteriorated in South Africa. The complementarities and synergies between food availability; access and utilisation need to be aligned in interventions used to address and strengthen food and nutrition security. This is particularly pertinent in the context of the widespread AIDS epidemic which interacts with food insecurity in complex ways. It is against this backdrop that home-grown or small-scale food production is explored as a feasible contributor to food and nutrition security for the rural poor with particular emphasis on contextual and technical factors. By illustrating a few successful models of home gardening;the evidence for addressing micronutrient deficiencies in these types of interventions is presented. The challenges to establish sustainable home gardening practices and the efforts needed to address gender-distinctive issues are discussed. The case is made for community-based agricultural interventions as a critical component of the various interventions used to address food and nutrition security at the household level

A case of cerebral infarction in association with free protein S deficiency and oral contraceptive use.

The purpose of this article is to describe protein S deficiency as a cause of cerebral infarction in the young adult. We report a 27-year-old previously healthy woman with a primary free protein S deficiency, who developed a left temporoparietal infarction. Protein S is a naturally occurring vitamin K-dependent protein which, in conjunction with active protein C, inhibits the clotting cascade. Protein S deficiency is known to be of clinical significance in patients with deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary emboli and in these patients, treatment is long-term anticoagulation. Protein S deficiency has been found to be associated with cerebrovascular occlusion and may possibly warrant long-term anticoagulation in these patients as well. Measurement of total and free protein S levels should be part of the evaluation for any young adult who has had a stroke.

PIP: A 27-year-old woman suffered from a sudden onset of slight paralysis of the right side of her body and the inability to express herself by speech, writing, or signs. She was admitted to the National Rehabilitation Hospital in Washington, D.C., in the US. 6 months prior to these events, she had been in a motor vehicle accident and had since experienced headaches and generalized musculoskeletal pain. The only drug she took was an oral contraceptive (OC), which she took irregularly. Health workers could not arouse her upon admission. Clinical examination revealed symptoms consistent with a left hemispheric stroke. Cerebral computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a left temporoparietal infarct. Her free protein S was only 27% on admission and 14% 11 days after admission (normal range, 55-125%). Over the next 72 hours, her physical condition deteriorated, entailing focal motor seizures, right Babinski's sign, loss of pain reflex response on her right side, and complete paralysis of the right side of her body. The left middle cerebral artery appeared to be constricted, which physicians first believed was caused by vasculitis but later found was the result of emboli. The patient developed right femoral vein deep thrombosis. The physicians treated her initially with heparin and followed with warfarin therapy. Nevertheless, embolus. Health workers placed a filter in her inferior vena cava and continued warfarin therapy. She did not experience any more thrombotic or embolic episodes during the rest of her hospital stay. OCs reduce circulating levels of free protein S which, along with activated protein C, inhibits clotting. OCs likely reduced her already existing low levels of free protein S. Deficiency of free protein S was likely responsible for the cerebral infarction and her thrombotic and embolic episodes.

Methylphenidate in stroke patients with depression.

The treatment of depression after stroke is a difficult clinical problem. Many of the medications used to treat patients with depression in the general population have significant potential side effects that are of particular concern in elderly patients. We reviewed the records of ten patients with stroke treated with methylphenidate for depression during an inpatient rehabilitation program. Improvement was noted in seven patients. This suggests that methylphenidate in the treatment of post-stroke depression merits further study.

Thoracic disk herniation and recurrent dislocation of total hip prosthesis.

We have described a patient who had thoracic disk herniation, recurrent dislocation of a total hip prosthesis, and heterotopic ossification. The recurrent dislocation resulted from spasticity from a spinal lesion, but the treatment focused on technical solutions related to the hip. Evaluation for total hip arthroplasty should include careful neurologic examination. If recurrent dislocation occurs, spasticity from an occult lesion should be considered. Resection of calcified thoracic disks should be approached with caution.

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

The purpose of this article was to describe popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, which is a cause of intermittent claudication in a young person, and to illustrate the importance of early diagnosis for successful treatment of this entity. A case report of a 28-year-old man with popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is presented. This patient had a classic history of calf pain that worsened with walking and was relieved by rest, running, or bicycle riding. Physical examination revealed evidence of ischemia in the distal extremity, and arteriography demonstrated signs of chronic occlusive disease. Early treatment might have included surgical release of the popliteal artery and arterial grafting. Due to extensive vascular disease, grafting was not possible and a below-knee amputation was performed. It is therefore essential to diagnose popliteal artery syndrome early for appropriate management.

Pulmonary toxicity of nitrofurantoin.

Nitrofurantoin is frequently used by the physiatrist for treatment of urinary tract infections or for urinary antimicrobial prophylaxis. There is a substantial risk of acute and chronic pulmonary side effects with this medication. The acute pulmonary toxicity presents with fever, leukocytosis, dyspnea, and nonproductive cough. Chronic nitrofurantoin use can lead to interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. A case is reported of a 47-year-old spinal cord injured woman with an acute pulmonary reaction to nitrofurantoin. The literature pertaining to pulmonary toxicity of nitrofurantoin is reviewed.

Cross-cultural variation in blood pressure: a quantitative analysis of the relationships of blood pressure to cultural characteristics, salt consumption and body weight.

This study has analyzed the relationships of cross-cultural variation in blood pressure to cultural characteristics, salt consumption and body weight. The data used were blood pressures for adults in 84 groups, ratings of cultural characteristics (based on anthropological data and made by raters who had no knowledge of the blood pressure data) and, where available, salt consumption and body mass index (weight/height2). Blood pressures were higher and the slopes of blood pressure with age were greater in groups which had greater involvement in a money economy, more economic competition, more contact with people of different culture or beliefs, and more unfulfilled aspirations for a return to traditional beliefs and values. Blood pressures were also higher in groups for which the predominant family type was a nuclear or father-absent family, as opposed to an extended family. For Negroes, groups who were descended from slaves had higher blood pressures than other groups. The correlations between blood pressures and involvement in a money economy were substantial and significant even after controlling for level of salt consumption and, for men, also after controlling for body mass index. For men there were also significant partial correlations between blood pressure and salt consumption, controlling for type of economy. For women there were significant partial correlations between blood pressure and body mass index, controlling for type of economy. In conclusion, cross-cultural variation in blood pressure appears to be due to multiple factors. One contributory factor appears to be psychosocial stress due to cultural disruption, including the disruption of cooperative relationships and traditional cultural patterns which frequently occurs during economic modernization. In addition, both the protective effects of very low salt consumption in some groups and differences in body weight appear to contribute to cross-cultural variation in blood pressure.

Interaction of colicins with bacterial cells. 3. Colicin-tolerant mutations in Escherichia coli.

Mutants that adsorb certain colicins without being killed, i.e., tolerant mutants (tol), were isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 strains. Selection was done either with colicin K or E2. Several groups of mutants showing different phenotypes were found, and some of them showed tolerance to both K and E colicins, which have different receptors. Many of these mutants mapped near gal. Typical mutants from group II, III, and IV were studied in more detail. The mutant loci were contransducible with gal by phage P1. The linkage order was deduced to be tol-gal-lambda. In partially diploid strains, these mutant loci are recessive to wild-type alleles. Temperature-dependent conditionally tolerant mutants were also isolated. Two groups were found: the first was tolerant to E2 and E3 at 40 C, but sensitive at 30 C; the second was tolerant to E2 at 30 C, but sensitive at 40 C. Experiments done with these mutants suggest that these mutations affect the heat lability of some protein that is necessary for the response of cells to colicins. Conditionally lethal tolerant mutants were isolated which at 40 C were tolerant to E2 and E3 and could not grow, but which at 30 C were fully sensitive and grew normally. The mutation mapped near malA. The tolerance at 40 C is not due to a consequence of an inactivation of general cellular metabolism, but presumably is a cause of the subsequent inhibition of cellular growth. The results suggest that some protein components involved in the response to colicin are also vital to normal cellular growth.